Brazil and China are forging a strategic alliance to enhance satellite connectivity capabilities in a global context of growing competition in the commercial aerospace sector. This collaboration, formalized through a memorandum of understanding, aims to introduce China into the Brazilian satellite internet market through the SpaceSail project developed by Shanghai Spacecom Satellite Technology. The details of this cooperation, its economic and geopolitical implications, and the impact of SpaceSail’s entry into Brazil are explored below.

Expansion of Satellite Internet in Brazil

In recent years, Brazil has witnessed exponential growth in the use of satellite internet. This technology has become a pivotal solution to connect rural and hard-to-reach areas with limited traditional telecommunications infrastructure. Currently, the Brazilian market is dominated by Starlink, Elon Musk’s satellite internet service, which has captured a significant market share (45.9%) due to its technological advancements and rapid expansion.

However, the Brazilian government has started taking measures to diversify the available options in the country. This is due to concerns about Starlink’s potential monopolization of the market, which could limit consumer choices and increase prices. In this context, Brazil and China space collaboration, mainly through SpaceSail’s entry into Brazil, represents an important alternative that would promote competition and improve connectivity services throughout the country.

SpaceSail: An Ambitious Project

SpaceSail is the name of the project launched by the Chinese company Shanghai Spacecom Satellite Technology. This ambitious project aims to establish a low Earth orbit satellite constellation to provide high-speed internet across various parts of the world, including Brazil. The project, also known as Qianfan or G60, aims to deploy more than 15,000 communication satellites by the end of the 2030s, covering a global area and offering internet access even in the planet’s most remote regions.

In October 2024, Brazil’s Minister of Communications, Juscelino Filho, visited Shanghai Spacecom’s headquarters, discussing plans for SpaceSail to begin operations in Brazil within the next two years. During his visit, the potential of SpaceSail to offer broader and higher-quality coverage compared to current offerings was highlighted, emphasizing how this could benefit millions of Brazilians, especially those in rural areas. This visit reinforced the significance of the Brazil and China space collaboration, setting the stage for a broader technological and economic partnership.

Cooperation between Brazil and China: A Precedent for Space Collaboration

Brazil and China’s relationship in the space field is familiar. Since 1999, the two countries have collaborated on various space projects, including Earth observation satellites. The cooperation has been fruitful, with China and Brazil jointly developing six satellites over the past 30 years. This partnership has been key in strengthening ties between the two nations regarding technology, geopolitical and economic considerations.

China’s advancements in space technology, particularly in satellite internet and telecommunications, have positioned the Asian nation as a prominent player. These rapid developments have prompted Brazil to seek collaboration opportunities with Chinese companies like SpaceSail, which represent a technological advantage and a significant economic opportunity. The long-standing Brazil and China space collaboration serves as a foundation for this new phase of cooperation in the commercial satellite internet sector.

Geopolitical and Commercial Implications of the Cooperation

The strategic alliance between Brazil and China in the aerospace sector has significant geopolitical implications. As competition in outer space intensifies, major powers such as the United States, China, and Russia vie for dominance in the commercial space race. By partnering with China, Brazil strengthens its presence in this competitive field, which could have regional and global repercussions.

From an economic perspective, SpaceSail’s entry into Brazil opens new opportunities for the Brazilian space industry, creating jobs and fostering technology transfer. Moreover, diversifying satellite internet providers will allow Brazil to become a key hub for developing and deploying new telecommunications technologies in Latin America. As Brazil continues its collaboration with China, it stands to benefit from enhanced technological capabilities and expanded market access.

On the other hand, cooperation with China may bring political challenges. Trade and diplomatic tensions between China and some Western countries could affect how this alliance is perceived in Brazil. However, Brazil’s pragmatic approach—seeking to strengthen its autonomy and diversify its international relationships—appears to be a critical factor in its decision to collaborate with China in the aerospace sector.

The Future of Cooperation and Benefits for Brazil

The future of Brazil-China cooperation in the aerospace sector looks promising. As SpaceSail deploys its satellite constellation and begins offering satellite internet services in Brazil, the benefits are expected to be immediate. Brazilian consumers will have access to faster and more reliable internet, especially in rural and remote areas. Furthermore, competition between Starlink and SpaceSail may help reduce costs and improve service quality in the country.

In the long term, cooperation between Brazil and China in aerospace could expand beyond satellite internet, opening the door for collaborations in other technological fields such as space exploration, scientific research, and developing new technological infrastructures. As Brazil becomes a key partner for China in space, it could play a more prominent role in shaping global norms and policies related to the use of outer space. This growing Brazil and China space collaboration could also influence other regions, fostering similar partnerships in Latin America and beyond.

Conclusion

The collaboration between Brazil and China in the commercial aerospace sector marks an important milestone in bilateral relations between the two countries. With the SpaceSail project, Brazil is positioning itself as a critical player in satellite connectivity and strengthening its presence in the rapidly growing satellite internet industry. As commercial and technological relations between Brazil and China continue to expand, such partnerships will likely become a trend in other sectors, contributing to both nations’ economic and technological development in the near future. The Brazil and China space collaboration sets a model for how nations can leverage strategic partnerships to enhance their technological capacities and global influence.

Panama is further solidifying its status as a critical hub for foreign investment with the recent arrival of two multinational corporations. Both companies have received approval from the Multinational Enterprises (SEM) Commission to establish operations in the country. This significant development highlights Panama’s ongoing role as a leading destination for global capital, reinforcing its economic stability and attractiveness to international investors.

Growth of Panama’s Foreign Investment Landscape

Panama has worked diligently to enhance its reputation as a prime foreign direct investment (FDI) location in recent years. This growth is partly due to its strategic geographic position, a favorable business climate, and a robust legal framework that supports multinational operations. The country’s political stability, coupled with the benefits offered under its tax and trade regimes, has made it an increasingly popular choice for international companies looking to establish regional headquarters or logistical operations. Foreign investment in Panama has been particularly notable in sectors like logistics, manufacturing, and finance, which continue to attract significant capital inflows.

The two multinational corporations that have recently chosen Panama to expand their business operations are Itochu Corporation, one of Japan’s largest and most diversified conglomerates, and Migor Sacifia, an Argentine company specializing in producing electronic components and agricultural products. These companies’ investments are part of a broader trend of expanding global corporate interest in Panama, which continues to attract attention due to its economic resilience and appeal as a regional center for business in Latin America. The growing foreign investment in Panama reflects its robust economic framework and competitive advantages.

Itochu Corporation: A Japanese Conglomerate with Global Reach

Itochu Corporation, a household name in Japan and a leader in international commerce, has been approved to operate within Panama’s Multinational Enterprises (SEM) framework. This approval allows Itochu to establish a base of operations in the country, where it can more effectively tap into regional markets.

Founded in 1858, Itochu is one of Japan’s largest trading companies with interests spanning various industries. The company is involved in many global business operations, from textiles and machinery to metals, minerals, energy, and chemicals. Its decision to establish a presence in Panama underscores its strategic importance as a trade and logistics hub. This move is another testament to the growing appeal of foreign investment in Panama, especially among global leaders seeking access to critical Latin American markets.

Itochu’s investment in Panama, estimated at several million dollars, will contribute to the local economy, create jobs, and foster the growth of various industries. With Panama’s proximity to major shipping routes and its advanced infrastructure, Itochu benefits from its growing role in global commerce, especially in logistics, manufacturing, and services. This highlights the increasing trend of foreign investment in Panama’s thriving logistics and infrastructure sectors.

Migor Sacifia: Expanding Into the Electronics and Agricultural Sectors

The other multinational corporation entering the Panamanian market is Migor Sacifia, an Argentine company focusing strongly on electronics, mobile devices, automotive components, and agricultural products. This company’s expansion into Panama is a testament to the country’s broad appeal across diverse sectors, including technology, manufacturing, and agriculture.

Migor Sacifia’s operations will include producing electronic components in various industries, including mobile phone and automotive production. Additionally, the company exports agricultural products, which will benefit from Panama’s advanced logistics networks and access to international markets. The continued growth of foreign investment in Panama’s agricultural and manufacturing sectors will help diversify its economic base.

Migor’s decision to set up operations in Panama is particularly significant as it highlights the country’s attractiveness to companies seeking to diversify their production and distribution capabilities in Latin America. Panama’s strategic location, with its proximity to major ports and airports, makes it an ideal base for companies looking to serve the Americas and global markets. This trend signals the growing importance of foreign investment in Panama as a critical factor in driving economic diversification.

Total Foreign Investment of $6 Million by Itochu and Migor Sacifia

The initial investments made by Itochu Corporation and Migor Sacifia are estimated at a combined total of $6 million. While this amount may seem modest compared to the investments of larger global corporations, it represents a meaningful contribution to Panama’s economy, particularly in terms of job creation and the stimulation of local industries. The continued flow of foreign investment in Panama, including from companies like Itochu and Migor, is essential to the country’s ongoing economic expansion.

The arrival of these two multinational corporations is part of a broader trend of increased foreign investment in Panama. As of 2024, over 180 multinational corporations have chosen Panama as the base for their regional operations. This growing number of international companies reflects Panama’s competitive advantagesincluding its favorable tax policies, logistical infrastructure, and stable business environment. Foreign investment in Panama is helping to drive the country’s increasing role as a hub for commerce and business in Latin America.

The country’s continued focus on attracting foreign investment aligns with its broader economic strategy to diversify its industries, reduce dependency on traditional sectors, and encourage the development of high-value industries such as technology, manufacturing, and finance. As foreign investment in Panama increases, the country lays the foundation for a more resilient, diversified economy.

Panama’s SEM Law: Attracting Foreign Multinationals

Central to Panama’s success in attracting multinational corporations is the country’s SEM Law, also known as Law 41 of August 24, 2007. This law was enacted to regulate multinational enterprises’ operations within Panama and provide a legal and fiscal framework that offers significant advantages to foreign businesses.

The SEM Law allows multinational companies to operate in Panama under favorable conditions, including tax exemptions and the ability to repatriate profits with minimal restrictions. Additionally, the law ensures that these companies can benefit from Panama’s extensive network of free trade agreements with countries throughout the Americas and beyond, including agreements with the United States, Canada, and many European nations. This regulatory framework has proven to be a significant factor in attracting foreign investment in Panama and facilitating the country’s growth as a regional business hub.

The Impact of Foreign Investment on Panama’s Economy

The inflow of foreign investment into Panama, exemplified by the recent entry of Itochu Corporation and Migor Sacifia, is expected to affect the country’s economy positively. The investments will generate new jobs in the short term, particularly in logistics, manufacturing, and technology.

These new opportunities will help to reduce unemployment and provide high-quality jobs for skilled workers. Additionally, multinational operations in Panama will stimulate local businesses by increasing demand for goods and services, particularly in transportation, retail, and construction areas. As foreign investment in Panama continues to grow, the benefits to the country’s economy are likely to become even more pronounced.

Longer-term effects include greater economic diversification. Historically, Panama has relied heavily on its financial services sector and the Panama Canal for revenue. However, with increasing multinational corporations establishing operations in Panama, the country is gradually becoming a more diversified economy with a broader industrial base. This will help to insulate Panama from external economic shocks and make its economy more resilient.

Furthermore, the presence of these companies will likely lead to the development of more advanced infrastructure and services, particularly in areas such as transportation, telecommunications, and logistics. As more companies choose Panama as their regional headquarters, the country will continue to develop into a leading business hub in the Americas. The increasing foreign investment in Panama will be a crucial driver of this growth.

Conclusion: Panama as a Regional Business Hub

The arrival of Itochu Corporation and Migor Sacifia indicates that Panama remains a leading destination for foreign investment. With its attractive legal and business environment, strategic location, and robust infrastructure, Panama is a premier hub for multinational corporations in Latin America and the wider Americas region.

The future looks promising as the country works to build on its successes and attract even more foreign investment. Panama’s economic diversification, growing industrial base, and a solid commitment to supporting international businesses will undoubtedly keep it at the forefront of global investment destinations. Foreign investment in Panama will continue to play a vital role in the country’s growth and prosperity in the coming years.

In conclusion, Panama’s status as a critical investment destination is expected to continue growing, thanks to the ongoing efforts to create a conducive environment for multinational companies. With more businesses choosing Panama as a base for their operations, the country is on track to maintain its position as one of Latin America’s most attractive and competitive economies. The continued flow of foreign investment in Panama will undoubtedly contribute to its long-term growth and prosperity.

A true economic paradigm shift in Bolivia inevitably requires reducing the state’s role as the economy’s conductor, producer, promoter, controller, intervener, planner, marketer, and industrializer. Despite abundant global capital seeking investment opportunities, investing in Bolivia has become increasingly unattractive, with a significant decline in private investment, especially foreign investment, in recent years. The country’s foreign direct investment (FDI) has plummeted since the late 1990s, starkly contrasting the growing influx of capital into neighboring countries like Paraguay. To understand why so few are willing to invest in Bolivia, we must delve into the underlying structural and constitutional factors that have shaped the nation’s investment climate.

The Decline in Foreign Investment

The figures reveal a consistent downward trend if we analyze Bolivia’s foreign investment statistics over the past few decades. In 1999, Bolivia attracted $1,016 million in foreign investment, representing around 15% of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Fast forward to 2022, and foreign investment had dwindled to just $118 million, barely 0.25% of the GDP, according to data from Bolivia’s own Central Bank (2023 figures are not yet available). This sharp drop starkly contrasts countries like Paraguay, which has seen a surge in foreign investments, even from Bolivian entrepreneurs seeking a more reliable economic environment. Paraguay benefits from a youthful and skilled workforce, a stable economic growth trajectory, low taxes, incentives for foreign companies, and a robust legal framework that ensures legal certainty for national and international investors. These conditions make investing in Paraguay a more attractive option than choosing to invest in Bolivia.

Critical Determinants of Foreign Investment

An interesting study by Alejandra Saravia analyzes the critical determinants of foreign investment in Bolivia, categorizing them into three generations of measures. The first and second-generation measures include essential reforms such as redefining the state’s role, controlling public spending, adjusting prices, introducing a floating exchange rate, ensuring the independence of the central bank, liberalizing trade, implementing tax reforms, and establishing crucial laws like SAFCO (the financial auditing law), decentralization, and investment laws. These policies, particularly in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, laid the foundation for significant foreign direct investment (FDI) in the past. However, the third generation of policies represents a shift toward more substantial state intervention in the economy, discouraging those looking to invest in Bolivia.

A Shift Toward State Intervention

This shift is marked by the nationalization of the hydrocarbon sector, telecommunications, electricity, and transport industries, as well as the implementation of laws such as the pension reform law and the educational reform law. The state’s more significant role in economic activities has undermined investor confidence and diminished the willingness of both national and international investors to invest in Bolivia. Expanding the state’s role has increased state control and created an environment less conducive to business activity and long-term investment.

A critical element that needs to be addressed by Saravia is the constitutional framework under which these policy generations have evolved. The two earlier generations of policies were enacted under the 1967 Constitution, which, although giving the state an active role in regulating and promoting the economy, limited its direct involvement to specific sectors, primarily nationalized mining and hydrocarbons. In contrast, the current Constitution of 2009 expands the state’s role to nearly all sectors of the economy, including services and industries. This shift toward a more statist framework has led to significant uncertainty among domestic and foreign investors, making it a risky environment to invest in Bolivia.

The Role of the 2009 Constitution

The Constitution of 1967, while allowing state participation in economic activities, set clear boundaries by limiting the state’s intervention to a few key industries, such as mining and hydrocarbons. The privatization of YPFB (Bolivian Oil and Gas Company) and the closure of COMIBOL (Bolivian Mining Corporation) during the Sánchez de Lozada government were possible due to the provisions of the 1967 Constitution, which enabled a process of capitalization without significant constitutional barriers. In stark contrast, the Constitution of 2009 offers a far more expansive role for the state, nationalizing key sectors such as oil and gas, electricity, telecommunications, and mining. This constitutional shift has created an environment where investor security is severely compromised, deterring those looking to invest in Bolivia.

This shift has led to an uncertain future for potential investors as businesses must navigate the constantly shifting legal and regulatory framework. Investing in Bolivia under the current constitutional framework often feels like a gamble, where changes in government policies and nationalizations can undermine the profitability and security of investments. This insecurity has led many potential investors to look elsewhere for safer, more predictable opportunities.

Why No One Wants to Invest in Bolivia: The Economic Insecurity

One of the fundamental barriers preventing the ability to invest in Bolivia is the pervasive insecurity regarding the future. Entrepreneurs and investors face an unpredictable political and economic landscape, making the country an unattractive destination for long-term investments. While there is no shortage of capital in the global economy looking for profitable opportunities, Bolivia has yet to create a sufficiently stable and attractive environment to capitalize on these opportunities. This uncertainty is a significant deterrent for anyone considering investing in Bolivia.

Nationalization policies, particularly in critical sectors like hydrocarbons and mining, have deterred foreign companies from entering or expanding within Bolivia. The legal uncertainty surrounding property rights, regulatory changes, and the lack of an independent judicial system to resolve disputes fairly have all contributed to a climate of fear, particularly among foreign investors. As a result, investing in Bolivia has become a less appealing choice compared to countries with more reliable legal and economic frameworks.

The Need for Constitutional Reform

The ultimate solution to Bolivia’s economic problems lies in a deep and structural reform of the country’s legal and constitutional framework. The state’s role must be radically reduced to create a more open, transparent, and predictable economic system. This would involve modifying the current Constitution and potentially replacing it with a new, modern constitution that supports a more liberal, democratic, and market-oriented economy. A new constitution should guarantee investor protection, secure property rights, and promote private enterprise while ensuring the state’s role is limited to regulatory and emergency functions. By reducing the state’s involvement in economic activities, Bolivia could foster an environment more conducive to investment and economic growth, making it a more attractive place to invest in Bolivia.

A New Constitutional Framework for Investment

To attract both national and international investment, Bolivia must establish a new legal framework that provides certainty and stability. A liberal constitution that guarantees the security of investments would address the root causes of the current economic stagnation. Focusing on free-market policies, protection of private property, and the abolition of state-run enterprises would significantly increase investor confidence. This would not only help restore Bolivia’s reputation as a destination for foreign investment but also encourage the return of capital from Bolivian businesses currently seeking safer havens elsewhere, like Paraguay. Investing in Bolivia under such a framework could become more appealing, offering the stability and legal security that investors need.

Bolivia’s Constitution must offer explicit legal protections, enforceable contracts, and transparent regulations, creating a business-friendly environment where private enterprises can thrive. The risk of sudden nationalization or arbitrary regulatory changes must be eliminated so investors feel secure in making long-term commitments. Only then will Bolivia be able to attract the foreign capital it desperately needs to drive its economic development. Investing in Bolivia would become viable once the legal framework aligns with investor expectations.

The Path to Economic Prosperity

A shift toward a more liberal, market-oriented economic model would provide Bolivia with the ultimate opportunity to reconstruct its economy. By offering a more secure and attractive environment for investment, Bolivia can unlock its vast potential in sectors like energy, mining, agriculture, and services. Attracting foreign investment would stimulate economic growth, generate jobs, foster technological innovation, and improve living standards for the country’s population. Investing in Bolivia becomes a critical factor in the nation’s path toward long-term economic prosperity.

In conclusion, Bolivia’s economic challenges stem from a constitutional framework that places too much power in the hands of the state and too little protection for private investors. By reforming the Constitution to create a more business-friendly environment, Bolivia could reverse its investment decline and tap into the global capital, seeking new opportunities. With such changes, Bolivia can continue its downward economic spiral while other countries, such as Paraguay, reap the benefits of a more favorable investment climate. Investing in Bolivia can only become a reality if the constitutional and economic environment evolves to support it.

El Salvador, a small but vibrant country in Central America, has become an increasingly attractive destination for foreign investment and business ventures. El Salvador offers considerable opportunities with its strategic location, growing economy, and various incentives for foreign companies. However, before diving into the Salvadoran market, businesses must carefully research multiple factors to ensure success. From economic stability and regulatory concerns to the labor market and cultural considerations, understanding the complexities of doing business in El Salvador is essential. This blog post will explore critical aspects companies should research before making the leap.

Economic Stability and Inflation

When considering doing business in El Salvador, one of the first things that companies should analyze is the country’s overall economic stability. El Salvador’s economy has shown resilience, with steady growth in recent years, driven by remittances from abroad, a growing services sector, and critical exports like coffee, sugar, and textiles. However, businesses must know potential economic volatility, particularly inflationary pressures and currency fluctuations. While the dollarization of the economy (since 2001) has brought specific stability to the currency, inflation rates and external economic shocks still have a significant impact.

The Salvadoran government has undertaken various measures to stabilize the economy, but businesses must remain vigilant. Economic indicators such as GDP growth, unemployment rates, and inflation trends should be regularly monitored to forecast potential risks and opportunities.

Regulatory Environment and Governance

Understanding the regulatory environment is essential when considering doing business in El Salvador. Companies must familiarize themselves with the country’s laws and regulations related to business formation, operation, and compliance. The regulatory framework in El Salvador can be complex, and businesses must ensure they comply with all local rules and requirements to avoid fines, penalties, or legal challenges.

Some important considerations include registering a business, obtaining necessary permits, adhering to labor laws, and ensuring compliance with environmental standards. It is advisable to work with local legal counsel or consultants familiar with Salvadoran regulations to navigate the bureaucratic processes effectively.

Taxation Regime

The taxation system in El Salvador is an important area to investigate when considering doing business there. The country has a relatively simple tax structure with corporate income tax, sales tax (IVA), and other levies, such as property and municipal taxes. Corporate income tax rates are generally 25%, with some exceptions for specific industries or businesses that qualify for certain incentives.

Businesses should also investigate whether they qualify for tax exemptions or incentives, particularly if they plan to invest in priority sectors or engage in foreign direct investment (FDI). Understanding tax obligations and potential incentives will help companies optimize operations and reduce overhead costs.

Labor Market and Labor Laws

The labor market in El Salvador is diverse, with a skilled workforce in sectors such as manufacturing, agriculture, and services. However, labor laws can be intricate, so businesses must thoroughly research the country’s labor regulations before hiring employees. El Salvador’s labor laws are designed to protect workers’ rights, with requirements for minimum wage, vacation time, overtime pay, and other employee benefits.

Employers must also be aware of union activity, which sometimes influences labor relations and negotiations. Researching local labor laws and understanding workforce dynamics will help businesses create a compelling and compliant HR strategy in El Salvador.

Political Climate and Stability

The political climate in El Salvador has undergone significant changes in recent years, especially with the election of President Nayib Bukele in 2019. His administration has implemented several controversial policies, including adopting Bitcoin as a legal tender, which has generated praise and criticism. Political stability is an important consideration when doing business in El Salvador, as changes in government or policy can affect the business environment.

Companies should assess the political risks and be prepared for potential changes in regulatory frameworks, taxation, and trade policies. Engaging with local stakeholders, including industry associations and chambers of commerce, can provide valuable insights into the political landscape and its potential impact on business.

Currency Controls and Import/Export Restrictions

El Salvador’s decision to dollarize its economy in 2001 means that the U.S. dollar is its official currency. This eliminates the risks associated with currency depreciation, as businesses don’t need to worry about exchange rate fluctuations between the Salvadoran Colón and the dollar. However, companies must still understand the broader context of currency controls, especially concerning capital repatriation and foreign exchange regulations.

Import and export restrictions are another crucial aspect to research when considering doing business in El Salvador. While the country has generally liberalized its trade policies, companies should understand customs procedures, tariffs, and industry-specific import/export restrictions. Certain goods, such as agricultural products or pharmaceuticals, may be subject to special regulations or health inspections.

Infrastructure and Logistics Connectivity

El Salvador’s infrastructure is critical in facilitating business operations, especially for industries dependent on efficient logistics and transportation networks. The country benefits from relatively well-developed infrastructure compared to other Central American nations, with modern ports, roads, and an international airport.

When considering doing business in El Salvador, companies should assess the quality of infrastructure in their specific industry. For example, businesses in manufacturing or agriculture may want to explore access to ports and shipping routes, while tech companies might need reliable telecommunications infrastructure. Efficient transportation networks and distribution systems are crucial for businesses involved in the import/export or distribution of goods.

Industry-Specific Opportunities and Challenges

El Salvador offers diverse opportunities across various sectors, including manufacturing, tourism, agriculture, and renewable energy. Companies should consider the specific industry in which they operate and evaluate the unique opportunities and challenges in the Salvadoran market.

For example, El Salvador’s textile and apparel industry is one of the most important, with a long-standing tradition of production and export to North America. The country also has significant agricultural potential, particularly in the coffee, sugar, and vegetable sectors. On the other hand, the technology and fintech sectors are also seeing growth, especially after the government endorsed Bitcoin as a legitimate payment method.

Each sector presents distinct challenges like competition, regulation, or infrastructure needs. Understanding these challenges can help companies prepare for a smooth market entry.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Incentives

El Salvador actively seeks foreign direct investment and offers various incentives to attract foreign businesses. These incentives include tax breaks, exemptions from import duties, and other special treatment for qualifying companies. Enterprises investing in specific sectors, such as renewable energy, technology, and manufacturing, may be eligible for additional benefits.

Before doing business in El Salvador, companies should research the available FDI incentives to determine their qualifications. Working with the Ministry of Economy and the local Investment Promotion Agency can help businesses understand how to access these incentives and maximize their investment.

Trade Agreements and International Relations

El Salvador is a member of several trade agreements and international organizations, including the Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) with the United States, offering preferential U.S. market access. The country is also part of the Central American Integration System (SICA) and the World Trade Organization (WTO).

These trade agreements provide significant advantages for companies in El Salvador, particularly regarding tariffs and market access. Businesses should research the specific agreements relevant to their industry and ensure they understand the benefits and requirements of each agreement.

Energy Supply and Costs

Energy availability and costs are important considerations when doing business in El Salvador, particularly for energy-intensive industries like manufacturing or data centers. El Salvador’s energy grid is diverse, with significant contributions from hydroelectric, geothermal, and renewable energy sources. However, energy costs can still fluctuate depending on demand and supply conditions.

Companies should assess the stability of the energy supply and consider alternative energy sources if necessary. They should also know government policies on energy pricing and renewable energy incentives.

Legal System and Dispute Resolution

El Salvador has a civil law-based legal system, meaning its laws are codified and derived from statutes and regulations rather than judicial decisions. When considering doing business in El Salvador, companies should be aware of the legal framework, especially regarding contracts, intellectual property rights, and dispute resolution mechanisms.

Businesses must understand the Salvadoran court system and its potential limitations, particularly regarding the judiciary’s efficiency and impartiality. Alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, such as arbitration, are often used to resolve commercial disputes. Companies may wish to include arbitration clauses in contracts to avoid lengthy litigation.

Intellectual Property Protection

Intellectual property (IP) protection is crucial for businesses with valuable trademarks, patents, or other proprietary assets. El Salvador is a signatory to various international treaties, including the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the Central American Convention on Industrial Property.

However, IP rights enforcement can be inconsistent, and companies may need help protecting their intellectual property. Working with local IP attorneys is advisable to ensure that trademarks, patents, and copyrights are properly registered and protected under Salvadoran law.

Environmental Regulations

El Salvador has environmental laws designed to protect its natural resources, and businesses must comply with these regulations when operating in the country. Environmental impact assessments (EIAs) are required for specific projects, particularly in mining, construction, and agriculture industries.

Understanding the environmental regulations that apply to your industry is crucial when considering doing business in El Salvador. Companies should also be aware of the country’s growing focus on sustainability and renewable energy.

Market Demand and Competition

Finally, businesses in El Salvador should carefully research the local market demand for their products or services. Understanding consumer behavior, purchasing power, and regional preferences is essential for developing a successful market entry strategy.

Competition can vary significantly by industry, with specific sectors being more saturated than others. Analyzing local competitors and market trends will help companies identify gaps in the market and opportunities for differentiation.

Cultural and Language Considerations

Cultural and language considerations should be considered when doing business in El Salvador. The official language is Spanish, and companies should be prepared to conduct operations in Spanish or work with bilingual staff. Understanding cultural nuances, such as the importance of personal relationships and trust in business negotiations, can help companies build stronger local partnerships.

Businesses should also be aware of regional differences within El Salvador, as the business culture in the capital city, San Salvador, may differ from other parts of the country.

In conclusion, doing business in El Salvador offers significant opportunities for foreign investors and companies but presents unique challenges. Thorough research and due diligence in critical areas like economic stability, legal considerations, and market demand will be crucial for success. By addressing these factors proactively, businesses can set themselves up for long-term success in El Salvador’s growing and dynamic economy.

Rising Country Risk and Investment Challenges

Due to poor management of the economic and electrical crises, Ecuador’s country risk is considered riskier than countries like Argentina. If the government reduces its country’s risk, the state and private sectors will avoid significant challenges in 2025. Anyone or any company wanting to invest in Ecuador will only do so if they can obtain a return of 20% or more. Likewise, anyone—whether a company or the Ecuadorian government—who wants to issue bonds or raise debt in international markets will have to pay a high interest rate of 20% or more due to the elevated risk.

Ecuador’s Economic Decline and Investment Perception

For this reason, according to Augusto De La Torre, an economist and former chief of the World Bank for Latin America, Ecuador attracts the least foreign direct investment in the region. In 2024, the country is facing a decade of lost economic growth. Due to its political, financial, and legal instability, Ecuador’s risk is seen as high, making the country appear as a risky and unreliable economy. As a result, Ecuador’s country risk is hovering around 1,300 basis points. According to Fausto Ortiz, former Minister of Finance, the external perception is that, amid the economic and electricity crises, more needs to be done to improve the situation.

Country Risk: Ecuador vs. Argentina

During Daniel Noboa’s government (since late November 2023), the country’s average country risk has remained around 1,300 points. In contrast, during the same period, Argentina’s country risk, under Javier Milei, has dropped by nearly two-thirds, from 2,600 points to just under 900. Therefore, as has already been analyzed, Ecuador country risk is currently considered riskier than Argentina’s.

Worsening Fiscal Situation and IMF Projections

“Next year, the fiscal situation will be very serious and almost unmanageable,” recently warned Jaime Carrera, a member of the Fiscal Policy Observatory, about the legacy that the next president will inherit in 2025. Under the current financing agreement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Ecuadorian government was projected to issue bonds in international markets for at least $1.5 billion to $2 billion by 2025 to cover part of its financing needs.

However, the fiscal situation still needs to be resolved despite the VAT hike and the reduction in gasoline subsidies. Additionally, the growing economic crisis, fueled by power outages, has prevented Ecuador from significantly reducing its risk, meaning the country remains outside the ranks of trustworthy borrowers on the international stage.

The Challenge of Raising Funds in International Markets

According to Ortiz, even if Ecuador country risk were to reach Argentina’s level (around 900 points), the cost of raising funds in the external bond markets would prevent any Minister of Finance from pursuing that option, as they would have to pay an interest rate close to 12%. What level of financial cost would be tolerable for issuing Ecuadorian bonds? Ortiz believes it would be 8% or 9%. To achieve this, “our country’s risk would have to be below 500 points, something we will hardly see with the candidates who currently have the greatest chances.”

The Importance of a Clear Economic Plan

Thus, given the lack of proposal and seriousness in the discourse of the presidential candidates, it seems like an impossible mission to significantly reduce Ecuador country risk so that financing—both for the state and the private sector—can flow as needed to boost investment and employment. As Carrera has already pointed out, an economic plan is needed that returns to the roots or foundations of the dollarization process in Ecuador’s early years.

The Dilemma of Borrowing: Multilateral Loans or Debt Swaps?

The question is whether the presidential candidates know the challenge they will face and whether they have actual proposals. If bonds cannot be issued, Ecuador will have to request more loans from multilateral institutions, which, although they offer resources at lower rates, are still expensive to cover for a country like Ecuador with no economic growth. Debt swaps may be done, as the government of Guillermo Lasso carried out, in exchange for the conservation of the Galápagos Islands, but this will not be enough to cover a fiscal deficit of more than $5 billion and arrears of more than $4.5 billion that are expected for 2025.

Political Transitions and Setbacks

In early October 2023, the Ecuadorian risk was above 1,800 points. Still, as soon as the election results were known and Daniel Noboa’s victory over the correísta Luisa González was confirmed, it dropped by 100 points. However, as the elected government began its transition, there were setbacks, such as the appointment of the first Minister of Economy and Noboa’s statements during his first visit to the United States, where he threatened that Ecuador would stop paying its debts if multilateral institutions did not immediately lend money, without conditions. This caused the Ecuador country risk to surpass 2,000 points just days before Noboa took office on November 23, 2023.

Country Risk Trajectory: Rising Again Amid Uncertainty

Only in March 2024, after the approval of the VAT increase to 15%, did the indicator drop below 1,200 points. Since then, there have been no further improvements. The country’s risk is rising again due to investors’ and international banks’ uncertainty about managing the electricity crisis and the growing economic crisis in Ecuador.

Conclusion

Ecuador’s financial situation is facing considerable challenges. Its economic and political instability has led to a high country risk, making it difficult to attract investment and raise debt in international markets. Despite efforts like increasing VAT and reducing fuel subsidies, the fiscal deficit remains significant, and the country is viewed as too risky for investors. The current government still needs to lower the Ecuador country risk significantly. The country can reduce borrowing costs or generate sufficient financing with a clear economic plan or serious reforms. If the situation does not improve, Ecuador will have to rely on multilateral loans or debt swaps, which, though more affordable, still need to be improved to resolve the country’s pressing fiscal needs. Accessing international markets for financing in 2025 looks increasingly likely with drastic changes in policy and leadership.

Brazil is expanding its investment horizon in Peru, exploring new sectors and opportunities beyond Olmos and Chancay. In recent years, Brazil has consolidated its presence in Peru as one of the leading Latin American investors, ranking third in the region regarding capital invested in the Andean country. From 2003 to the first half of 2024, Brazilian companies have contributed around $3.929 billion to the Peruvian economy through 50 projects executed by 34 companies. However, this dynamic has been affected in recent years due to the corruption scandal known as Lava Jato, which has tarnished the reputation of some major Brazilian companies abroad. To overcome this crisis and reactivate the flow of investments, Brazil and Peru seek to strengthen their trade ties and identify new sectors for investment.

Restructuring Peru-Brazil Trade Relations

Despite a decline in bilateral trade in 2024, business leaders from both countries, supported by the newly created Peru-Brazil Chamber of Commerce (CAMBRAPER), are determined to revitalize their commercial relations. This organization was founded in São Paulo in early 2024 and currently has 50 members, intending to reach 200 members by 2025. The mission of CAMBRAPER is to promote collaboration and improve understanding between Brazilian and Peruvian entrepreneurs, generating new business opportunities and exploring alternative investment sectors.

The trade balance between the two countries reached nearly $5 billion in 2023 but has shown a significant drop in 2024, with an accumulated value of only $3.1 billion through September, representing a 17% decrease compared to the same period the previous year. This reduction is attributed to external factors, such as the devaluation of the Brazilian real against the dollar and other global economic challenges. However, the drop in trade has motivated leaders from both countries to seek new strategies to revitalize economic cooperation, which includes Brazil’s commitment to diversify its investment in non-traditional sectors within Peru.

Traditional Sectors of Brazilian Investment in Peru: Mining and Infrastructure

Historically, Brazilian investment in Peru has been concentrated in key sectors such as mining and infrastructure. These sectors have been desirable to Brazilian investors due to Peru’s abundant natural resources and growing need for infrastructure modernization. This investment includes government projects and collaborations with Brazilian companies to expand strategic infrastructure such as the Chancay Port and the Jorge Chávez International Airport in Lima. These initiatives have enabled Brazil to develop infrastructure that facilitates international trade and improves connectivity actively.

Diversification of Investments: Logistics, Real Estate, Construction, and Technology

Brazilian interest is expanding into areas other than traditional sectors, particularly in response to Peru’s growth opportunities in various industries. Among the sectors attracting significant interest are logistics, real estate, construction, and technology. These areas offer investment opportunities that have been less explored but hold considerable medium—and long-term growth potential.

The logistics sector, for example, is crucial in growing commerce as it facilitates the transportation of goods within Peru and to international markets. With its strategic location on the Pacific coast, Peru is a crucial point for exporting and importing products to other Latin American countries and Asia. Brazilian investors, well aware of the importance of robust logistics infrastructure, see Peru as a viable destination for projects that can improve the transportation and storage of goods.

Meanwhile, the Peruvian real estate sector has experienced steady growth in recent years, driven by sustained demand for housing, office spaces, and commercial properties. The entry of Brazilian investors into this sector could increase supply and raise construction and design standards in the Peruvian market. At the same time, the construction sector, which has benefited from Peru’s sustained economic growth, represents an attractive opportunity for Brazilian companies with extensive experience in infrastructure projects and commercial and industrial buildings.

Finally, technology has emerged as an innovative investment sector, driven by Peru’s growing digitization and the government’s support for digital transformation. Brazilian companies with experience in information technology, telecommunications, and automation could significantly contribute to this sector by promoting adopting digital solutions that enhance competitiveness and efficiency in various industries.

The Growing Interest in Renewable Energy

The renewable energy sector is another area of increasing interest for Brazilian investors in Peru. With extensive experience in hydroelectric and bioenergy generation in their home country, Brazil is well-positioned to offer sustainable solutions in Peru, which also seeks to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels and diversify its energy sources. Wind and solar energy projects have gained momentum in Peru in recent years, and Brazilian investors see these initiatives as an opportunity to apply their expertise in clean energy and contribute to the sustainable development of their neighboring country.

Challenges and Prospects of Brazilian Investment in Peru

Despite the promising opportunities, Brazilian companies wishing to expand into Peru face significant challenges. Logistical difficulties and regulation differences between the two countries can present obstacles, especially in the real estate and infrastructure sectors. Additionally, the volatility in exchange rates, particularly the recent devaluation of the Brazilian real, could affect the profitability of investments.

Political and economic stability in Peru is also a determining factor for investors. Over the years, the country has achieved remarkable economic growth, but its internal political situation has shown fluctuations that sometimes generate uncertainty among foreign investors. Nevertheless, diversifying investments into less traditional and high-demand sectors is an effective strategy to mitigate risks and capitalize on the strengths of the Peruvian market.

Collaboration and Incentives: The Role of Chambers of Commerce and Government Support

Creating the Peru-Brazil Chamber of Commerce (CAMBRAPER) has significantly facilitated Brazilian investment in Peru. The chamber provides a platform for entrepreneurs from both countries to exchange knowledge, explore opportunities, and collaborate on joint projects. In addition, CAMBRAPER has expressed its commitment to reaching 200 members by 2025, signaling a solid expectation of growth in collaboration between the two countries. Government initiatives also support this effort to improve the investment climate and strengthen trade relations.

Future of Commercial Relations and Brazilian Investment in Peru

With projected growth over the next few years, Brazilian investment in Peru aims to expand the Peruvian economy and generate mutual benefits through strategic collaboration in critical sectors. Diversification into industries such as logistics, construction, technology, and renewable energy represents an important step toward a more robust and less mining—and infrastructure-dependent commercial relationship.

In the next 24 to 48 months, Peru and Brazil are expected to continue strengthening their economic ties, leveraging Brazilian expertise and capital to drive growth in high-potential sectors of the Peruvian economy. Bilateral collaboration, supported by institutions like CAMBRAPER and favorable trade and investment policies, points to a future in which both nations can benefit mutually and strengthen their positions in the South American market.