The Forestry Industry of Mercosur: Challenges and Perspectives
The forestry industry of Mercosur, comprising Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, plays a crucial role in the region’s economies, not only for its direct economic impact but also for its contribution to global ecosystem services. With a combined forest area of 591 million hectares, including 12 million hectares of plantations, the sector generates 1.4% of the regional GDP and formally employs over 668,000 people.
However, Mercosur’s participation in international markets varies significantly among member countries. Brazil and Uruguay lead forestry exports, while Argentina and Paraguay face substantial challenges in consolidating their global presence. Mercosur’s forestry industry must address these disparities to create a more balanced and competitive market presence.
The Argentine Forestry-Industrial Council (CONFIAR) represents the forestry-industrial sector, which encompasses 1.3 million hectares of forest plantations, 53 million hectares of native forests, $550 million in exports, 100,000 direct jobs, and 6,000 SMEs in the wood-furniture value chain. Argentina’s forestry industry has considerable room for expansion, promoting regional economies with an immediate positive impact on jobs and foreign exchange. In this context, an important study on the Forestry-Industrial Complex of Mercosur has been published, describing the sector’s panorama in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, as well as its strategies, challenges, and opportunities to advance towards sustainable development under the EU regulation on deforestation-free products.
The forestry industry of Mercosur is a key source of income and employment. It is fundamental in combating climate change because it absorbs carbon dioxide, conserves biodiversity, and protects soils and water bodies. Despite these advantages, the forestry industry faces sustainability and international regulation challenges, particularly with the implementation of European Regulation 2023/1115 (EUDR).
EUDR Requirements for Forestry Products
The EUDR establishes strict requirements for forestry products entering the EU market, mandating that they be deforestation-free since December 2020 and comply with the legislation of their country of origin. Its key provisions include:
· Robust Traceability: Products must be traceable to their point of origin, utilizing precise geolocation data, particularly for plots larger than four hectares.
· Risk Assessment: Each country will be classified according to its deforestation risk level (high, standard, or low), which will determine the level of control over its exports to the EU.
· Compliance Costs: Companies must implement auditing and certification systems, which may be especially challenging for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
Argentina: A Forestry Giant in the Making
Argentina possesses 53 million hectares of forests and 1.3 million hectares of plantations, positioning it as a significant player in forestry resources. However, its participation in international trade remains limited. In 2022, forestry exports accounted for only 0.7% of national exports, far below Brazil and Uruguay.
The structure of Argentina’s forestry sector is historically oriented towards self-sufficiency, limiting its ability to develop a competitive export complex. Although the country has a single market pulp plant, inaugurated in 1982, public policies have not fostered the level of investment needed to expand the sector significantly.
Argentina’s challenge lies in leveraging its high forestry productivity and soil quality to attract investments, diversify its offerings, and improve its positioning in international markets, particularly given the growing demand for sustainable products. Strengthening Mercosur’s forestry industry will also enhance regional collaboration and competitiveness.
Brazil and Uruguay: Regional Leaders
Brazil and Uruguay stand out as the primary exporters in Mercosur, accounting for 99% of the value of forestry exports to the EU in 2022. Brazil, with 79% of the bloc’s forest plantations, has developed an integrated production chain that includes the production of pulp, paper, and high-quality wood. Its success is attributed to investments in research and development, integration with the local metal-mechanical industry, and advances in eucalyptus cultivation.
Uruguay, though smaller, has established itself as a leader in pulp exports, with 53.9% of its shipments directed to the European market. This success is due to a strong institutional framework, investment incentives, and efficient infrastructure for logistics and trade. These achievements highlight the potential for growth across Mercosur’s forestry industry when implementing robust strategies and investments.
The Impact of EUDR on Mercosur’s Forestry Industry
European Regulation 2023/1115 presents both challenges and opportunities for Mercosur countries. While the demands for traceability and legal compliance represent significant additional costs, they can also act as catalysts for sector modernization.
Compliance with EUDR will require investments in technology, sustainability certifications such as FSC and PEFC, and the strengthening of information systems. This could pose a barrier for SMEs, which constitute a significant portion of the forestry supply chain in the region. Still, it also presents an opportunity to differentiate in international markets.
Additionally, the EUDR could encourage regional collaboration, foster the harmonization of standards, and create sustainable and competitive supply chains.
According to a report by AFRY consulting, the added value of the global forestry industry will grow by more than $210 billion between 2019 and 2035, driven by the bioeconomy and the transition towards more sustainable materials. South America, which currently produces 40% of the world’s pulp, is in a privileged position to capitalize on this growth, especially with strategic investments in infrastructure and technology.
Recommendations for Mercosur
To seize the opportunities offered by the global market and comply with new international regulations, the forestry industry of Mercosur should focus on:
· Integrated Public Policies: Strengthen dialogue between governments and the private sector to design policies that incentivize investment and promote sustainable practices.
· Technological Development: Implement digital traceability systems and encourage research on forestry genetics, chemistry, and biology.
· Investment Incentives: Create stable regulatory frameworks that attract foreign capital and promote diversification into higher value-added products.
· Training and Certification: Support SMEs in adopting international standards to ensure their access to key markets.
In summary, the forestry industry of Mercosur has the potential to become a driver of sustainable growth for the region. Achieving this goal, however, will require a joint effort to overcome regulatory and economic challenges and take advantage of the opportunities the global market offers.